When cancer develops in the kidneys, it can cause serious health risks including the disruption of the kidney’s ability to filter blood and urine. But in order to understand the risk of kidney cancer (also known as renal cancer) and how you can prevent the likelihood of developing kidney cancer, it’s important to understand the various types and how they function. 

Renal Cell Carcinoma (RCC)

Renal cell carcinoma (also known as renal cell cancer, renal cell adenocarcinoma, or RCC kidney cancer) is by far the most common type of kidney cancer, accounting for approximately 90% of all kidney cancer cases^[1], 85% of which are malignant^[2]. Metastatic renal cell carcinoma (RCC which has spread beyond the kidney) makes up 33% of all renal cell carcinoma cases^[4]. Here are some renal cell carcinoma types:

• Clear Cell Renal Carcinoma: This is the most prevalent subtype, making up about 70% of renal cell carcinoma cases^[1]. Clear cell renal cell carcinoma gets its name from its cells which appear clear under a microscope. 

• Papillary Renal Cell Carcinoma: This subtype accounts for around 15% of renal cell carcinoma cases^[3]. The word “papillary” in this context, refers to the finger-like projections which characterize this type of cancer. There are two types of papillary RCC: type 1 and type 2, each with unique features and behaviors.

• Chromophobe Renal Cell Carcinoma: A rarer subtype, representing about 5% of RCC cases^[1]. Chromophobe renal cell carcinoma affects the tubules, the part of the kidney that actually filters the blood and converts its waste into urine.

• Renal Medullary Carcinoma: This subtype is one of the rarest forms of RCC and primarily affects young African Americans^[2].

Other Types of Kidney Cancer

There are a few other types of kidney cancer that aren’t subtypes of renal cell carcinoma. These are:

• Transitional Cell Carcinoma: This type of kidney cancer develops in the renal pelvis, which is the part of the kidney that collects urine before it is transported to the bladder. Transitional cell carcinoma is more closely related to bladder cancer than to RCC and is also typically associated with cigarette smoking^[2].

• Wilms Tumor: A rare form of cancer that is almost exclusively found in children^[1]. 

• Renal Sarcoma: This type of kidney cancer makes up less than 1% of kidney cancer cases^[2] and originates in the blood vessels and the tissues connecting to the kidney – not the kidney itself^[1].

Metastatic Kidney Cancer

Metastatic kidney cancer is a term used to describe kidney cancer that has spread to other parts of the body including the lungs, liver, bones, brain, and rarely the breasts. When kidney cancer becomes metastatic kidney cancer, treatment becomes much more complicated.

Secondary Kidney Cancer

When medical professionals use the term “secondary kidney cancer” they’re referring to cancer that has spread from another part of the body, such as the uterus, cervix, or colon. Secondary kidney cancer isn’t really a type of kidney cancer at all–but rather another type of cancer that has spread to the kidney.

Renal Cancer Symptoms

As with many types of cancer, early-stage renal cancer usually has no symptoms, however, as it progresses, you may experience blood in your urine, pain in your side or lower back, or develop a mass on your kidney. Catching renal cancer early is key to ensuring that your renal cancer treatment is effective.

Find Kidney Cancer Resources in NYC

Because renal cancer is often hard to detect in the early stages, preventing your risk of kidney cancer is imperative. By eating well, lowering your alcohol intake, and exercising, you can mitigate your risk by maintaining a healthy lifestyle. It’s also good to be aware of your individual cancer risks as they relate to race, ethnicity, family history, and genetics. SHAREing & CAREing can help connect you with affordable cancer treatment, provide individual support, and help you through the treatment process.

To explore further, visit the SHAREing & CAREing website, or reach out to us directly using our online contact form. Serving Queens and the broader New York City region for more than 25 years, our non-profit organization is here for you every step of the way.

Sources

1. “What Is Kidney Cancer?”, American Cancer Society, 2020
2. “Types of Kidney Cancer/Renal Cancer”, UCLA Health, 2024
3. “What is papillary renal cell carcinoma?”, National Cancer Institute, 2020
4. “Metastatic renal cell carcinoma”, National Library of Medicine, 2003

On Friday, February 16^th the St. John’s Women’s Basketball team hosted the Creighton Bluejays at its annual Pink Game aiming to bring awareness to the fight against breast cancer and to honor survivors. SHAREing & CAREing attended the game as special guests of the team, disseminating information about cancer awareness and its free services for those impacted by cancer.

What a great Celebrate Life Group Therapy meeting we had February 5th! And an incredible group of welcoming and supportive ladies! With spring on the way, it was a fantastic time to honor the journeys we’ve made and envision our futures.

SHAREing & CAREing’s Survivorship program began twenty years ago and brings together a strong, dedicated group of long term survivors on a monthly basis to discuss the issues and concerns that come up after treatment, including:

• Prevention of secondary cancers and recurrence of cancer whenever possible
• Minimizing preventable pain, disability, and psychosocial distress
• Links to resources in and around the community for survivors and their family members
• Health and disease management following diagnosis and/or treatment

For more information on our Recovery Survivorship Program, sign up for our Thriver Thursday email, use the form below or contact us today.

There are several factors that may contribute to an individual’s risk for cancer, such as how active you are, your family history, genetics, and your race or ethnicity. The correlation between alcohol consumption and certain types of cancer has been well-known for several decades, but in recent years, medical studies have been able to further deduce just how much of an effect drinking has on the development and treatment of cancer, as well as its effect on the symptoms of cancer itself.

1. Alcohol and Cancer Risk

Alcohol is associated more prominently with some types of cancers over others, but when looking at the total number of cancer cases worldwide in 2020, around 4% were linked to alcohol consumption^[1]. This may give you an idea of how closely alcohol and cancer are related, but exactly how much can you drink and not be susceptible to the risks? According to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), two drinks a day is the maximum amount you should drink if you want to avoid a higher risk of developing cancer. In their research, they’ve found that drinking three or more drinks per day substantially increases the risk of several types of cancer, including mouth and throat cancer, larynx cancer, esophagus cancer, colon and rectum cancer, liver cancer, and breast cancer^[2]. While the CDC has determined that two drinks are the most you should drink to avoid cancer, they have also expressly stated that cutting out booze completely is the best way to avoid these risks altogether.

2. Alcohol and Breast Cancer

Unfortunately, the risk of breast cancer is substantially higher for those who drink, even among minimal drinkers. According to the National Institutes of Health (NIH), the risk of breast cancer is approximately 50% higher for those consuming only one or two drinks per day^[3].

3. Alcohol and Pancreatic Cancer

The relationship between cigarette smoking and cancer is well documented, however, cigarette smokers who consume high amounts of alcohol have a higher risk of developing pancreatic cancer than cigarette smokers who don’t drink. In other words, if you smoke cigarettes, you have a 2% higher risk of developing pancreatic cancer than a non-smoker, but if you smoke and drink more than three drinks a day, your risk doubles to over 4%^[4].

4. Alcohol and Colon Cancer

Individuals who consume more than one drink per day will need to consider the risks associated between alcohol and colon cancer. According to the Journal of Clinical Oncology, there is an increased risk of 1.5% of colon cancer if you are a moderate to heavy drinker^[5].

5. Hodgkin Lymphoma and Alcohol

There is little to no risk associated with developing Hodgkin lymphoma if you’re a drinker versus a non-drinker^[6] That being said, there are several serious considerations you’ll need to make if you already have Hodgkin lymphoma and consume alcohol. For one, your tolerance for alcohol will go down considerably if it hasn’t already—anywhere from 1.5 to 5% of Hodgkin patients noticed a significant drop in alcohol tolerance^[7]. This poses a unique danger when it comes to driving or other activities that become unsafe when alcohol is consumed.

Another consideration is added pain. There’s a level of pain associated with Hodgkin lymphoma, however, this pain becomes more common and more severe when alcohol is consumed^[8]. 

6. Alcohol and Obesity

Because of the caloric nature of alcohol, drinking often leads to obesity which comes with its own added risk of developing several types of cancer, most notably gallbladder cancer—a 60% higher risk than patients with a lower BMI. Obesity also increases the likelihood of esophageal adenocarcinoma (up to four times more likely), cancer of the upper stomach, liver, and kidney (two times more likely), pancreatic cancer (1.5 times more likely), colorectal cancer (up to 30% more likely^[18]), and endometrial cancer (7% more likely^[9]). Eating better and lowering or ceasing alcohol consumption can significantly lower your odds of developing cancer and contribute to overall well-being.

7. Immunotherapy and Alcohol

Apart from the risks of developing cancer, alcohol may also have an adverse effect on cancer recovery, especially if you’re receiving immunotherapy treatment. Because drinking lowers the immune system, the effectiveness of immunotherapy may be reduced if a patient consumes alcohol before or after treatment^[10]. 

8. Chemotherapy and Alcohol

If you’re on chemotherapy, it’s important to know that alcohol combined with chemo can result in added liver inflammation and mouth sores. Chemotherapy can cause nausea on its own, so avoiding alcohol will help subside the stomach sickness.

9. Cancer Recurrence and Alcohol

If your cancer treatment is successful, it’s important to remain sober while still in remission, because drinking increases the chances of the cancer returning^[11]. Alcohol is an immunosuppressant and if you’re in remission, your main goal should be to build your immune system, not challenge it.

10. Prostate Cancer and Alcohol

There is little to no connection between alcohol consumption and prostate cancer, though research is currently limited^[13]. However, for men looking to lower their risk for cancer, moderating their alcohol intake will lower their risk for many other types of cancer. In 2019, nearly 5% of all male cancer deaths could be linked to alcohol use^[12].

11. Liver Cancer and Alcohol

Alcohol affects the liver in many negative ways, most notably, cirrhosis and a risk of liver cancer. Out of all liver cancer cases worldwide, nearly half were a result of alcohol consumption^[16]. The World Journal of Gastroenterology has also noted that drinking has long-lasting effects on the body. When case participants ceased alcohol consumption, their risk of developing cancer dropped only about 6% per year over a 23-year period^[16].

12. Esophageal Cancer and Alcohol

Even just one drink per day increases the likelihood of developing esophageal cancer, according to the National Cancer Institute^[15]. Moreover, heavy drinkers who consume 20 or more drinks per week are five times more likely to develop esophageal cancer^[15].

13. Alcohol and Head and Neck Cancer

Both moderate and heavy drinkers are at a higher risk for head and neck cancers including pharynx, larynx, or mouth cancers. If you drink more than one drink per day, you are approximately twice as likely to develop head and neck cancers^[15]. If you drink and smoke, these risks become much higher. You are about 4% likely to develop head and neck cancers from alcohol alone, but when a cigarette smoker also drinks heavily, or even moderately, their risk increases by 35%^[17].

Alcohol and Multiple Myeloma

According to current research, there is no visible connection between alcohol use and multiple myeloma risk^[14].

Find Alcohol and Cancer-Related Resources in NYC

Fighting (and recovering from) cancer is an endless emotional and physical battle, but if you’re simultaneously struggling with a dependency on alcohol, the battle can often seem impossible to win. You’re not alone. An estimated 40% of people with cancer who consume alcohol engage in hazardous drinking^[11]. If you need help seeking treatment for alcohol dependence, we offer individual support through counseling and wellness programs and can help you locate treatment options that fit your needs whether it’s for alcohol dependence, finding effective and affordable cancer treatment, or simply navigating the complexities of the healthcare system^.. 

If you’d like to learn more, check out the SHAREing & CAREing website, or contact us directly through our online contact form. Our non-profit has been serving Queens and the greater New York City area for over 25 years.

Sources

1. “Report Details Global Cancer Burden”, National Cancer Institute, 2021
2. “Alcohol and Cancer”, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 2023
3. “Alcohol Intake and Breast Cancer Risk: Weighing the Overall Evidence”, National Institutes of Health, 2013
4. “Association between Alcohol Consumption and Pancreatic Cancer Risk: A Case-Control Study”, National Institutes of Health, 2015
5. “Alcohol and cancer: A statement of the American Society of Clinical Oncology”, Journal of Clinical Oncology, 2018
6. “Alcohol consumption and risk of Hodgkin’s lymphoma and multiple myeloma: a multicentre case-control study”, Annals of Oncology, 2007
7. “Alcohol intolerance associated with Hodgkin lymphoma”, Canadian Medical Association Journal, 2013
8. “Hodgkin lymphoma presenting as alcohol-induced back pain”, British Medical Journal, 2019
9. “Obesity and Cancer”, National Cancer Institute, 2022
10. “Effects of Alcohol on Tumor Growth, Metastasis, Immune Response, and Host Survival”, Alcohol Research: Current Reviews, 2015
11. “Drinking Alcohol, Often Heavily, Common among People with Cancer and Long-Term Survivors”, National Cancer Institute, 2023
12. “Association between Alcohol Intake and Prostate Cancer Mortality and Survival”, Nutrients, 2023
13. “Alcohol and Prostate Cancer: Time to Draw Conclusions”, Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute, 2022
14. “Alcohol drinking and multiple myeloma risk–a systematic review and meta-analysis of the dose-risk relationship”, European Journal of Cancer Prevention, 2014
15. “Alcohol consumption and site-specific cancer risk: A comprehensive dose-response meta-analysis”, British Journal of Cancer, 2015
16. “Alcohol and hepatocellular carcinoma: A review and a point of view”, World Journal of Gastroenterology, 2014
17. “Interaction between tobacco and alcohol use and the risk of head and neck cancer: pooled analysis in the International Head and Neck Cancer Epidemiology Consortium”, Cancer Epidemiology, Biomarkers & PreventionCancer Epidemiology, 2018
18. “Obesity and Cancer”, National Cancer Institute, 2022

Although doctors are not certain of the exact cause of most cases of endometrial cancer, or endo cancer, there are a number of risk factors that are strongly linked to this affliction. The most prevalent gynecological cancer in women, endometrial malignancy is diagnosed when the cells in the inner lining of a woman’s uterus, known as the endometrium, grow incessantly and uncontrollably. It may also be referred to as endometrial carcinoma and is the most common type of uterine cancer. Here’s a rundown of some of the most common risk factors that contribute to endometrial cancer causes.

1. Hormones: The Fundamental Factor

Scientists have established that endometrial cancer cells are covered with receptors for two specific hormones that are already present in a woman’s body: estrogen and progesterone. Typically, these two hormones work in concert, but in some cases, patients may end up with too much unopposed estrogen. This means there is not enough progesterone in the body to balance the extra estrogen. When an overabundance of these hormones is present, the cancer cells pick them up with these receptors, and become a cause of endometrial thickening. Too much abnormal growth results in cancer, making hormones likely the most common cause of endometrial cancer. 

There are a number of actions that can affect the body’s hormone levels, including certain birth control measures, taking supplemental estrogen, certain types of ovarian tumors, and a condition called Polycystic Ovarian Syndrome, or PCOS.

2. Endometrial Cancer and PCOS

PCOS is surprisingly common, affecting 4-12% of adult females. Endometrial thickness in PCOS is often considerable, due to the conditions of the disease itself that compromise normal shedding of the uterine lining, increasing a sufferer’s risk of developing endometrial cancer. In fact, patients with PCOS are five times as likely to develop endometrial cancer. 

3. Extended Menstruation

Women who start their period earlier in life, and those who experience late menopause are experiencing increased risks for endometrial cancer. This is due to the risk of increased exposure to estrogen secretion as the body experiences its natural cycles.

4. Cyclical Concerns

Disruptions in the normal menstrual cycle are sometimes associated with an increased risk for endometrial cancer. Complications such as anovulation, the failure of the ovary to release an egg as scheduled, increase the chance of a diagnosis. Amenorrhea, the temporary or extended absence of menstrual periods, and infertility, are also pre-existing disorders that are often seen in endometrial cancer patients. Again, these challenges are often associated with estrogen and progesterone overproduction. 

5. Endometriosis Can Cause Cancer

Not surprisingly, endometriosis can cause cancer in the endometrium, with its presence noted as an increased risk factor not only in endometrial cancer but breast cancer as well. Like the cancer itself, endometriosis is a disease that is heavily impacted by estrogen levels, suggesting that women who are already affected by this condition may also have extra unopposed estrogen that could contribute to cancer risk. 

6. Obesity

Obesity, often in conjunction with type II diabetes, is a risk factor for endometrial cancer. These conditions are correlated with hyperinsulinemia, or increased levels of insulin in the blood. This lowers the levels of SHBG, a blood protein that is responsible for binding estrogen and other sex hormones. Without enough SHBG to subdue it, there are higher levels of free estrogen circulating around the body. The risk of endometrial cancer is doubled in women who are overweight, and triples in women classified as obese. 

7. Family History

As is the case with several cancers, family history plays a role in a patient’s possibility for developing endometrial tumors. This is due to inherited mutations of certain genes. Even if one does not develop hereditary endometrial cancer as a result of the gene mutation, they may continue to be a carrier, passing the allele onto the next generation. If you believe you have a family history of any cancer, talk to your doctor about genetic testing. Studies have shown that most people feel less stress knowing their risk levels, no matter if they are high or low.

8. Can Tamoxifen Cause Endometrial Cancer?

Tamoxifen is an innovative drug that is used to treat and prevent breast cancer. It has been shown effective against certain types of breast tumors and may be used in conjunction with other treatments like radiation, immunotherapy, or chemotherapy and even preventative mastectomies. If a patient is determined to be at high risk of breast cancer, they may be prescribed Tamoxifen in hopes of decreasing the formation of cancerous tumors. Tamoxifen has also demonstrated effectiveness in certain off-label uses, such as preventing certain types of arteriosclerosis and utilization in fertility treatments.

However, when present in the uterus, Tamoxifen acts as an estrogen, and can contribute to the growth of the endometrium, especially in women who have gone through menopause. The risk of developing cancer from Tamoxifen has been established, but is considered relatively low, and its benefits in relation to breast cancer and other health concerns must be considered along with its risks. Those who take the drug should monitor themselves for endometrial thickening symptoms, such as unusual bleeding, and discuss them with their gynecologist. 

Women who are concerned about their risk factors for endometrial cancer should speak to their healthcare provider about managing and mitigating their risk. For New York City patients, SHAREing &CAREing can help with locating providers in NYC, furnishing support, and connecting patients to screening in the Queens area. 

Sources

• “The Association Between Endometriosis and Risk of Endometrial Cancer and Breast Cancer: A Meta-analysis”, BMC Women’s Health, 2022
• “Endometrial Cancer”, StatPearls, National Library of Medicine, 2022.
• “Endometrial Cancer Causes, Risk Factors, and Prevention”, American Cancer Society, 2024. 
• “Research Progress on the Mechanism Between Polycystic Ovary Syndrome and Abnormal Endometrium”, Frontiers in Physiology, 2021.
• Risk of Endometrial Cancer in Patients With Polycystic Ovarian Syndrome: A Meta‑analysis, Oncology Letters, 2023
• “Unopposed Estrogens :Current & Future Perspectives, European Review for Medical and Pharmacological Sciences, 2022.
• “What is Endometrial Cancer?”, American Cancer Society, 2024. 

According to the American Cancer Society, about 66,000 new cases of uterine cancer will be diagnosed in 2023 and nearly 13,000 women will die from uterine cancers. With nearly 3% of women receiving a uterine cancer diagnosis at some point in their lives, this type of cancer is the most prevalent of all gynecologic cancers, occurring most often in women over the age of 45.

Below, learn more about uterine cancer, its causes, and symptoms to be aware of. In addition, this guide will help provide useful information to help you reduce your risk of uterine cancer and learn about screening for uterine cancer.

What is Uterine Cancer? 

Uterine cancer is a general term that describes any cancer that forms in a woman’s uterus. The most common type of uterine cancer, known as endometrial cancer, forms within the endometrium lining of the uterus. This condition causes abnormal cancer cells to develop in this location and proliferate rapidly.

Who Gets Uterine Cancer?

Uterine cancer occurs in the uterus, a female muscular organ that is part of the female reproductive system. As such, uterine cancer can only affect women or people who were assigned female at birth. Uterine cancer is the sixth most common cause of cancer-related death in women in the United States and is seen more commonly in African-American women. The average age of diagnosis of uterine cancer is around age 60.

What Are the Causes of Uterine Cancer?

There are many factors that may cause uterine cancer, however, the causes are not well understood by the medical community. However, certain risk factors may increase a person’s likelihood of developing uterine cancer.

What Are the Risk Factors for Uterine Cancer?

Several risk factors play a role in increasing a person’s likelihood of developing uterine cancer. The following risk factors may contribute to a uterine cancer diagnosis:

• Obesity
• Polycystic Ovarian Syndrome (PCOS)
• Radiation therapy for other types of cancer
• Women who started their menstrual period at a young age
• Women who start menopause at a late age
• Women who have never been pregnant
• Women who have not had full-term pregnancies
• Family history
• Long-term use of hormone replacement therapy (Estrogen)
• Women who have used the drug Tamoxifen 

Those who have had other types of cancer, such as breast cancer, colon cancer, or ovarian cancer may have an increased risk of developing uterine cancer.

What Are the Types of Uterine Cancer?

There are two types of uterine cancer. The most common type, known as endometrial cancer, accounts for more than 90% of cases seen. A rarer form, known as uterine sarcoma, involves the formation of a sarcoma in the muscles or other tissues in or around the uterus. A sarcoma is a type of cancer that forms in connective or bone tissue.

Within the uterine sarcoma category, there are several sub-categories of very rare uterine cancers.

What Are the Symptoms of Uterine Cancer?

The symptoms of uterine cancer can present differently in every patient, varying based on a number of factors. However, unusual vaginal bleeding is one of the most commonly seen symptoms of uterine cancer. If you experience any abnormal vaginal bleeding, it’s important to seek help from your healthcare provider. In addition to bleeding, other symptoms of uterine cancer include:

• Vaginal discharge with an odor
• Changes in urination
• Abdominal pain
• Feeling full
• Weight loss
• Painful sexual intercourse
• Changes in bowel habits

These symptoms may be associated with a variety of medical conditions and do not mean you have uterine cancer . However, it’s important to check in with your healthcare provider if you are concerned. It may also be helpful to set up free cancer screening reminders as part of your preventative wellness routine. Our free and low cost mammography can help ensure you are regularly screened for breast cancer.

Can You Screen for Uterine Cancer?

Screening for uterine cancer is not typically done for women who are not experiencing ay symptoms. A pap test that is done during a standard gynecological exam does not screen for uterine cancer. While you can and should get cancer screenings for other common cancers, it’s important to pay attention to symptoms of uterine cancer since there is no screening test.

How is Uterine Cancer Diagnosed?

If you’re experiencing any symptoms of uterine cancer, your doctor may order more tests to take a deeper look. This may include a transvaginal ultrasound, a test that allows the doctor to see inside your uterus. An endometrial biopsy, which removes a small amount of tissue, may also be ordered. The type of methods of diagnosis your doctor uses will depend on your symptoms, age, and other health conditions.

What is the Staging for Uterine Cancer?

There are four main stages of uterine cancer, which include:

• Stage 1: The cancer is confined to the uterus
• Stage 2: Cancer has now spread to the cervix
• Stage 3: Cancer has spread to vagina, ovaries, and/or lymph nodes
• Stage 4: Cancer has spread to bladder, rectum, or other organs

Upon diagnosis, about 70% of women are still in the early stages of uterine cancer. About 20% of women who are diagnosed with uterine cancer are already in stage 3, whereas 10% are diagnosed in stage 4.

How is Uterine Cancer Treated?

The treatment of uterine cancer depends on the stage of diagnosis. Women who are at stage 1 uterine cancer may require a combination approach, which may include radiation therapy, cancer medications, or surgical removal. Based on your medical history and diagnostic tests, your doctor will create a personalized treatment plan unique to your recovery needs.

What are the Survival Rates and Prognosis for Uterine Cancer?

Although there is no screening test for uterine cancer, early detection can help support a successful recovery. Uterine cancer has a very good recovery rate, with an overall 81% five-year survival rate. If you are experiencing any abnormal bleeding or symptoms, don’t delay speaking with your doctor. 

If you’ve been diagnosed with cancer or need help understanding your test results or treatment plan, give us a call. SHAREing & CAREing offers free patient navigation services, individual counseling, and support groups to help support you on your journey to recovery. Take care of your personal health and that of your family with our support today!

Sources

• Key Statistics for Endometrial Cancer, Cancer.org
• About Cancer of the Uterus, New York State Department of Health
• Stages of Uterine (Endometrial) Cancer, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center
• Endometrial Cancer, American Cancer Society

If you are having problems paying your cancer care bills, either because of under-insurance, lack of insurance, or high out-of-pocket costs please contact us. We can help!

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An estimated half million women globally were diagnosed with cervical cancer in 2018 and 311,000 died from it. Despite that, the World Health Organization (WHO) believes that unlike most cancers, cervical cancer can be completely eliminated. Learn more about this unique cancer, its symptoms, causes, and how to reduce your risk, detect it early, and get treatment if necessary.

What is Cervical Cancer?

The cervix is the entrance to the uterus (womb), found at the back of the vagina (birth canal). When cancerous cells develop on the cervix it is called cervical cancer.

Who Gets Cervical Cancer?

Because cervical cancer affects the cervix, only patients born as women, with a cervix, get cervical cancer. In women, it is the fourth most common cancer, behind breast cancer, colorectal cancer, and lung cancer.

What Are the Causes of Cervical Cancer?

99% of all cases of cervical cancer are a result of infection from high-risk types of human papillomaviruses (HPV). HPV is a sexually transmitted virus that is so common that most people will likely get it at some point in their life. Most people don’t have symptoms of HPV and the body’s natural immune system usually controls it. Women with persistent HPV infections have the highest risk for cervical cancer.

What are the Risk Factors for Cervical Cancer?

You are more likely to be diagnosed with cervical cancer if you…

• Became sexually active before the age of 18
• Have multiple sex partners
• Smoke
• Have a condition that compromises your immune system (such as HIV)
• Have been prescribed medications or treatments that suppress your immune system (such as chemotherapy, immunotherapy, radiation therapy, or drugs meant to prevent organ rejection)
• Use oral contraceptives (birth control pills)
• Have given birth to many children
• Suffer with obesity
• Have not had an HPV vaccination

You can reduce your likelihood of being diagnosed by avoiding these risk factors and reducing your exposure to HPV by practicing safe sex.

What are the Types of Cervical Cancer?

There are two primary types of cervical cancer.

• Squamous cell carcinoma comprises about 90% of cervical cancer cases. It develops in the ectocervix (also called exocervix), the outer part of the cervix.
• Adenocarcinoma makes up the majority of the remaining types of cervical cancer. It develops in the endocervix, the inner part of the cervix. A rare sub-type of adenocarcinoma is clear cell adenocarcinoma, also called mesonephroma or clear cell carcinoma.

Cervical cancer can also have aspects of both types and, in that case, it’s called mixed carcinoma or adenosquamous carcinoma. Sometimes cancer can develop in other cells of the cervix but that is extremely rare.

What are the Symptoms of Cervical Cancer?

Symptoms of early-stage cervical cancer include:

• Pelvic pain
• Pain during sex
• Vaginal bleeding after menopause
• Vaginal bleeding after sex
• Vaginal bleeding between periods
• Periods that are heavier or longer than normal
• Abnormal vaginal discharge (watery, bloody, strong-smelling)

Symptoms of late-stage cervical cancer (after it has metastasized, or spread to other areas of the body) include:

• Backache
• Abdominal pain
• Leg swelling
• Painful bowel movements or urination
• Bloody stools or urine
• Fatigue

Most people don’t have symptoms of cervical cancer until these later stages, when it is less treatable. That’s why it’s so important to get preventative care and screenings during your regular gynecological exam or physical.

Can you Screen for Cervical Cancer?

Cells of the cervix can become abnormal, a process called dysplasia. These pre-cancerous cells in the cervix can eventually become cancer cells if not removed or treated. A test called a pap smear can detect these abnormal cells. These tests, also called a pap for short, or cervical cancer screening, are routinely done in a regular gynecological exam. Need a reminder to set your appointments? Try our free cancer screening reminder tool!

How is Cervical Cancer Diagnosed?

If you have an abnormal pap smear, your doctor might do a colposcopy. This procedure involves applying a vinegar-based liquid to the cervix and then examining it more closely with a light and magnifying glass. A biopsy, taking a sample of tissue, is usually done during this procedure. The tissue is then examined in a lab to see if it’s cancerous.

What is the Staging for Cervical Cancer?

If cancerous cells are confirmed in the lab sample, additional tests will help determine the cervical cancer staging and whether it has spread (metastasized). They can include imaging tests like PET-CT scans, magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scans, ultrasounds, or chest x-rays; lab tests like complete blood counts (CBC) and blood chemistry studies; and visual exams like cystoscopies and sigmoidoscopies.

• Stage 1 cervical cancer is when the cancer is confined to the cervix only. This stage is further divided into IA1, IA2, IB1, IB2, and IB3, based on the size of the cervical tumor.
• Stage 2 cervical cancer is when the cancer has spread to the tissue around the uterus or to the upper 2/3 of the vagina. This stage is subdivided into IIA1, IIA2, or IIB based on where it has spread and how large the tumor is.
• Stage 3 cervical cancer is when the cancer has spread to the pelvic wall or lower third of the vagina, or involves the lymph nodes or is causing kidney problems. This stage is subdivided into IIIA, IIIB, IIIC based on its location.
• Stage 4 cervical cancer (also called metastatic cervical cancer)is when the cancer has spread to the rectum, bladder, or beyond the pelvis to other parts of the body like the lungs. This stage is further divided into IVA and IVB based on where it’s spread.

How is Cervical Cancer Treated?

Cervical cancer can be treated through surgeries, radiation therapy, chemotherapy, targeted therapy, immunotherapy, or a combination of these. Surgeries are the most common treatment prescribed and can include:

• Cold knife conization scrapes the cancerous cells from the cervix with a scalpel.
• Sentinel node biopsy removes the sentinel lymph node.
• Hysterectomy removes the uterus and sometimes the cervix, parts of the vagina, and surrounding tissue.
• Radical trachelectomy (also called radical cervicectomy) removes the cervix, upper part of the vagina, tissue nearby and sometimes the lymph nodes.
• Bilateral salpingo-oophorectomy removes both fallopian tubes and ovaries.
• Total pelvic exenteration removes the cervix, ovaries, vagina, nearby lymph nodes, lower colon, bladder and rectum.

What are the Survival Rates & Prognosis for Cervical Cancer?

The 5-year survival rate for cervical cancer is…

• 67% for all stages
• 91% for early-stage
• 60% when it has spread to nearby lymph nodes, organs or tissue
• 19% when it has metastasized to distant parts of the body

Cervical cancer has a very good rate of recovery at early stages. Early detection is key! Remember your regular gynecological checkups and always check with your doctor when you have any changes in your body. If you’ve been diagnosed with cancer or need help understanding your test results or treatment plan, give us a call. SHAREing & CAREing’s free patient navigation services, individual counseling, and support groups can help you in your cancer journey. Remember, you are not alone!

SOURCES

• Cervical Cancer, World Health Organization (WHO)
• Worldwide Cancer Data, World Cancer Research Fund International
• Cervical Cancer Symptoms, National Cancer Institute
• What is Cervical Cancer?, National Cancer Institute
• Cervical Cancer Diagnosis, National Cancer Institute
• Cervical Cancer Prognosis and Survival Rates, National Cancer Institute

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Regular checkups with a doctor are one of the easiest ways to detect serious health conditions like cancer early, in its most treatable stages. A regular exam with an OB/GYN doctor (which stands for obstetrics and gynecology) is when you can address concerns and practice preventative healthcare involving pregnancy, menstrual cycles, sexually transmitted diseases, and vaginal, ovarian, uterine, and breast health. If you have (or ever had) breasts, a uterus, ovaries, or a vagina, we recommend seeing an OB/GYN once per year. Use this handy 16-point checklist to make sure you get all your questions answered, and cover all your reproductive health bases.

1. Do A Personal Health Review

Before your appointment, review the latest issues in breast and reproductive health so you’re better armed to ask questions and bring up concerns. Write down your questions so you don’t forget. Check the last time you had an appointment and what the results were. Do a quick health inventory—how are you feeling? Has anything changed? Are you in pain? Are you taking any new medications?

2. Decide When To Make Your Appointment

Most patients aim for a checkup annually, but if you are experiencing symptoms or issues always make an appointment as soon as you can. Depending on risk factors, your doctor may even recommend you come less often than once per year. If you have a menstrual cycle, it’s best to avoid making an appointment right before and during menstruation since breasts are tender and results may be harder to read.

3. Make An Appointment

If you feel comfortable, when you make an appointment, mention any concerns beyond a typical checkup, such as pain, pregnancy, or birth control. When you make an appointment or when you arrive, you may request or decline a medical chaperone for your exam or bring a friend or family member. You are in charge of your body and you must feel comfortable. If you have had past sexual trauma or are transgender, make sure your doctor is empathetic and understands your unique needs and can make the exam comfortable for you. Support groups are often good sources for doctor referrals in these specialized situations.

4. Be Open About Your Risk Factors & Health History

Preventative healthcare is extremely dependent on knowing and understanding your risk factors for a variety of conditions and diseases. Not all doctors will ask about these risk factors (or even know to ask). Some may even make assumptions about your risk factors based on your age, race, marital status, or other personal details. Even if your doctor doesn’t ask, proactively communicate which risk factors for breast cancer and ovarian cancer you have, especially if you have a family history of either. Be open about your current and previous sexual history and partners, and possible exposure risk to sexually transmitted diseases. Make sure they are aware of any previous diagnoses, symptoms, surgeries, hospitalizations, and pregnancies. Tell them about your good and bad health habits, like exercise and smoking, your weight, and any medications or supplements you are taking, either prescribed or over-the-counter. Your doctor is your partner in your health and needs to know your full history to give good recommendations and understand your risks better.

5. Discuss Genetic Testing

If you have a strong family history of cancers like breast cancer, ovarian cancer, or prostate cancer or if anyone in your family has the BRCA gene mutation, male breast cancer, or you have Ashkenazi Jewish heritage, you may have a genetic predisposition to cancer. Now is the time to discuss with your doctor if genetic testing is a good fit for you. Studies have shown that many people feel less stress when they know their genetic risk levels.

6. Do A Breast Exam

Do you know how how to do a breast self-exam? Now is a great time to ask your doctor to show you how. If you do know how, ask your doctor to check your technique. Discuss any breast changes you’ve felt in the last 12 months and any previous benign breast diseases you’ve had. Your doctor will also do their own version of a breast exam, called a clinical breast exam, to feel for lumps and abnormalities.

7. Ask About Your Breast Density

If you’ve had a mammogram before, ask your doctor if it showed dense breasts. When you received your previous results, if you live in New York state, you may have also gotten a notification that you had dense breasts. Having a high breast density increases breast cancer risk and impacts how effective mammograms are, so it’s important to know if this applies to you.

8. Create A Breast Cancer Screening Plan

Now that your doctor knows your risk factors and is aware of your breast density, it’s time to formulate a screening plan together. Mammograms are the most common type of breast cancer screening tool and studies have shown that getting regular mammograms reduces death from breast cancer. Depending on your risk factors, you may want to consider getting your first mammogram as early as 35 years old. And if you have dense breasts, you might want to consider an MRI instead of a mammogram or doing a breast ultrasound in addition to the mammogram. Mammograms aren’t usually ordered if you’re pregnant or could be pregnant. A ‘fast’ MRI might be an option for you, too. Don’t be shy about asking what screening method or frequency is right for your health situation. Because of New York state health legislation, basic breast cancer screenings are very affordable, but this is not true for all tests and all situations. If you need access to free or low-cost mammography ask your doctor for a recommendation to local breast imaging centers that can help or contact SHAREing & CAREing.

9. Discuss Your Pregnancy & Birth Control Plans

Are you planning on getting pregnant? Could you be pregnant now? An OB/GYN can do a pregnancy test and discuss pre-conception and pregnancy concerns. If you are trying to avoid pregnancy, your doctor can discuss birth control options with you. Remember to ask about risks of each type. Hormonal birth control, for instance, increases risk for developing breast cancer later in life.

10. Discuss Your Menstrual Cycle

Menstrual irregularities can be a symptom of serious diseases and conditions such as fibroids, endometriosis, endometrial cancer, pelvic inflammatory disease, uterine cancer or ovarian cancer. But they can also be the sign of stress or weight loss. That’s why it’s important your doctor know your full history. Are you repeatedly early or late in your menstrual cycle? Is your cycle irregular? Have you missed a period? Do you spot or bleed heavily? Do you have excessive pain or mood swings? Are you nearing the age of menopause? If you keep records of your menstrual cycle, now’s the time to discuss this with your doctor. Based on your discussion, you and your doctor might decide to do a pelvic exam to further investigate issues.

11. Discuss Your Pelvic Exam

Ask your doctor if you need a pelvic exam. Since 2014, The American College of Physicians has strongly recommended no annual pelvic exams for adult non-pregnant women with no symptoms and who are at average risk. Pelvic exams are recommended only on an “as needed” basis. If you do need one and you have anxiety about this type of exam, now is the time to be open with your doctor. You can brainstorm together how to feel more comfortable, for example by having the doctor narrate out loud as they move through each step, guiding their hands, or using a mirror to understand what’s happening.

12. Get A Pap Smear

Even if you skip the pelvic exam, you’ll want to get a pap smear, which screens for cervical cancer. This test detects HPV (the human papillomavirus) which can cause cancer in the cervix as well as any abnormal cells that might turn into cancer.

13. Get Tested For Sexually Transmitted Diseases

Depending on your risk factors and symptoms, your doctor may suggest getting screened for sexually transmitted diseases (STDs) or sexually transmitted infections (STIs). Common tests done during an OB/GYN visit include tests for chlamydia, gonorrhea, HIV, syphilis, trichomonas, herpes simplex virus, and hepatitis, a major cause of liver cancer.

14. Get Vaccinated Against HPV

While there is no vaccine that prevents all types of cancer, there is one that prevents nearly all forms of cervical cancer—an HPV immunization. If you are younger than 26 or believe you have a high exposure risk, ask your doctor about getting an HPV vaccine.

15. Get Your Hepatitis Vaccine

Hepatitis-C (HCV) is the most common blood-borne infection in the U.S., is a factor in 50% of all liver cancer cases, and also increases the risk for developing neck and head cancers and non-Hodgkin lymphoma. If you haven’t been vaccinated against it already, ask your doctor if a hepatitis vaccine makes sense for your health situation.

16. Discuss Follow Up

Lastly, before your appointment is over, verbally summarize everything with your doctor to make sure you understand what they found and are recommending. Clarify next steps. When should your next appointment be based on your risk factors? What are the follow up tests? When will you hear the results? Make sure you have referral paperwork for imaging and prescriptions have been sent to your pharmacy. If you had a procedure done, like a vaccine or IUD-placement, make sure you know what kind of side effects to expect in the next few days.

Remember, your doctor is your partner and advocate, but you are in charge of your healthcare. It’s up to you to make the appointment, get the tests, and act on screening, surgical and medication recommendations.

If you are having trouble understanding your payment or treatment options, consider our free patient navigation services. As a New York City-based non-profit, SHAREing & CAREing can also help connect you and your family members to free or reduced-cost cancer screenings, transportation services, cancer treatments, and help with out-of-pocket costs. Need a friendly face? Contact us for individual support, attend a monthly support group meeting or join our online Facebook group. 

Having trouble remembering all your important cancer screenings? Not sure which ones you need to do? Sign up for our free cancer screening reminders!

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Our Spanish cancer support group meeting is back and better than ever! It was so great to see everyone again at our July 15th session.

SHAREing & CAREing’s Survivorship program began twenty years ago and brings together a strong, dedicated group of long term survivors on a monthly basis to discuss the issues and concerns that come up after treatment, including:

• Prevention of secondary cancers and recurrence of cancer whenever possible
• Minimizing preventable pain, disability, and psychosocial distress
• Links to resources in and around the community for survivors and their family members
• Health and disease management following diagnosis and/or treatment

For more information on our Recovery Survivorship Program, sign up for our Thriver Thursday email, use the form below or contact us today.

While there is no vaccine that prevents all types of cancer, there is one that prevents nearly all forms of cervical cancer—an HPV immunization. Learn the facts about the human papillomavirus vaccine, why and who should get the HPV shot, vaccine types and its problems and side effects.

What is the HPV Vaccine?

HPV stands for human papillomavirus. It is the most common sexually transmitted infection in the U.S. In fact, most people get it at some point in their lives. The HPV vaccine prevents these infections. It was approved by the FDA in 2006, so has only recently been recommended as a regular preventative health measure.

Why the HPV Vaccine is Important

Good news is that many people never show signs or symptoms of HPV and in 90% of cases, HPV goes away on its own with no treatment. But when it doesn’t go away, HPV can cause serious (even deadly) health problems.

HPV-related cancers include cervical cancer, oropharyngeal cancer, and cancer of the penis, vulva, vagina, and anus. HPV can also cause genital warts.

Like the hepatitis vaccine that helps prevent liver cancer, the HPV vaccine is an incredibly effective preventative measure. When administered before virus exposure, the HPV vaccine prevents cervical cancer in 97% of patients and prevents genital warts in 100% of patients. In the 10 years since the vaccine’s introduction in 2006, infections have dropped by 86% in females aged 14-19 and by 71% in women in their early 20s.

Who Should Get an HPV Vaccine?

Although the HPV vaccine is most often associated with cervical cancer, both males and females should receive the vaccine. The CDC recommends vaccination between the ages of 11 and 12, though children can receive it as young as 9 and adults as old as 26.

Vaccines are not recommended for those older than 26 since most adults above this age have already been exposed to HPV. If you believe you have a high risk for developing a new infection, though, speak to your doctor about the benefits of the vaccine. You might be at higher risk if you have a new sex partner or are newly entering the dating scene.

If you are pregnant or allergic to any of the vaccine ingredients (such as yeast) or have had an allergic reaction to a previous dose, you should not receive an HPV vaccine.

HPV Vaccine Types

Since its introduction, the FDA has approved three HPV vaccinations—Cervarix (2vHPV), Gardasil (4vHPV), and Gardisil-9 (9vHPV). The newer HPV vaccine Gardisil-9 is the only one being currently distributed in the United States. It protects against 9 strains of HPV—6, 11, 16, 18, 31, 33, 45, 52, and 58.

Scientists are also researching a possible HPV therapeutic vaccine, a vaccine that treats already existing cases, but as of 2023, no drugs have cleared trials or been approved.

HPV Vaccine Problems

There are few serious side effects or risks of an HPV vaccine. They include pain in the arm where the shot was given, dizziness, fainting, fever, headache, nausea, tiredness, joint or muscle pain. In very rare cases, some people can have an allergic reaction and go into anaphylactic shock, which is life-threatening.

In Summary

Except in rare cases, if you’re between the ages of 11 and 26, you (or your guardian) should consider an HPV vaccine. For those older than 26 at high risk, speak to your doctor.

No matter your vaccination status, be sure to stay updated on your cancer screenings. Pap smears detect the presence of the virus and precancerous or cancerous cells in the cervix that may lead to cervical cancer. These screenings should be done annually by anyone with a cervix over the age of 21. If you notice any abnormal changes to your body, like bumps, lesions, or warts, always speak to a doctor.

If you fall within the recommended guidelines, almost all insurances, including Medicaid, cover preventative vaccines like the HPV vaccine. There are also many state and non-profit programs that help administer vaccines to those who are uninsured or under-insured.

Need help getting an HPV vaccine? Contact us today for local resources in Queens, NY and the surrounding New York City metro area. We can help point you towards free and low-cost options if you are struggling with healthcare costs.

Sources

• What I Tell Every Patient About the HPV Vaccine, The American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists
• Human Papillomavirus (HPV) Vaccination: What Everyone Should Know, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC)
• Prophylactic and Therapeutic HPV Vaccines: Current Scenario and Perspectives, Frontiers in Cellular and Infection Microbiology, 2022
• Genital HPV Infection – Basic Fact Sheet, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC)
• What Are the Risk Factors for Cervical Cancer?, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC)
• HPV Vaccine Safety and Effectiveness, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC)